https://physlab-wiki.com/ 2026-04-14T16:07:21+00:00 https://physlab-wiki.com/ https://physlab-wiki.com/lib/tpl/UChicago/images/favicon.ico text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:35+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/compton_scattering_archived_1_9_2019?rev=1718138075&do=diff Arthur Holly Compton was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1927 for his work, published in 1923, of careful spectroscopic measurements of x-rays scattered at various angles by light elements. He found that x-rays scattered at larger angles had systematically larger wavelengths. He discovered that the observations were accounted for by considering the scattering as a collision between a single photon and a single electron in which energy and momentum are conserved. This effect now bears his name. The Co… text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:35+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/copy_of_hyperfine_spectroscopy_of_rubidium_121619?rev=1718138075&do=diff In this experiment you will use a narrow bandwidth, tunable diode laser to probe the hyperfine structure of natural Rubidium (Rb). The technique of Doppler-free saturated absorption spectroscopy will be used to resolve the hyperfine structure which is otherwise masked by Doppler broadening of the spectral lines.$\begin{array}{l l l l l l l l l l } H & = & \dfrac{p^2}{2m} &-& \dfrac{Z_{eff}e^2}{4\pi \epsilon_0r}&+&\xi(r) \vec{L} \cdot \vec{S}&+&\alpha \vec{J}\cdot \vec{I}&+&\dfrac{\beta}{2I(2I-1)… text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:36+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/copy_of_wave_particle_duality_112119?rev=1718138076&do=diff {FIXME ${/download/attachments/230262677/Optical_table.png?version=1&modificationDate=1574371914000&api=v2}$ There are only two known physical phenomena for which classical physics fails to provide an explanation of the experimental results: Wave-Particle Duality and Quantum Entanglement.  For both of these phenomena, attempts to explain the results of experiment using only classical physics concepts leads to nonsensical contradictions. Quantum mechanics, however, correctly predicts the outcom… text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:36+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/electrical_resistivity_archived_1_9_2019?rev=1718138076&do=diff We are familiar with the idea that some materials are better electrical conductors than others, but what causes resistance in the first place and what determines how much resistance a material possesses? In this lab, we will investigate how the resistivity of metals and semiconductors changes with temperature. For metals, we will model this behavior by considering contributions from electrons scattering off impurities and off lattice vibrations, while for semiconductors we will consider how the… text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:36+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/electron_spin_resonance_archived_1_9_2019?rev=1718138076&do=diff In this experiment we will study how a magnetic dipole moment responds to 2618an external magnetic field. In particular, we will look at how the addition of angular momentum changes this response and therefore understand more about the concept of quantum mechanical spin. The first part of the experiment will work with a classical ${/download/thumbnails/201099177/dipole_moment.png?version=1&modificationDate=1547050529000&api=v2}$${/download/attachments/201099177/eqn_1.png?version=1&modificationDa… text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:36+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/hall_effect_in_semiconductors_archived_03_26_18?rev=1718138076&do=diff In 1879, E. H. Hall observed that when a magnetic field {FIXME ${/download/attachments/176948521/Bz.png?version=1&modificationDate=1522169076000&api=v2}$ is applied at a right angle to the direction of current flow in a conductor ({FIXME ${/download/attachments/176948521/xhat.png?version=1&modificationDate=1522169076000&api=v2}$), an electric field is created in a direction perpendicular to both ({FIXME ${/download/attachments/176948521/yhat.png?version=1&modificationDate=1522169076000&api=v2}$)… text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:36+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/hyperfine_spectroscopy_of_rubidium_archived_1_9_2019?rev=1718138076&do=diff In this experiment you will use a narrow bandwidth, tunable diode laser to probe the hyperfine structure of natural Rubidium (Rb). The technique of Doppler-free saturated absorption spectroscopy will be used to resolve the hyperfine structure which is otherwise masked by Doppler broadening of the spectral lines.${/download/attachments/201099074/eqn_1.png?version=1&modificationDate=1546987580000&api=v2}$${/download/attachments/201099074/L.png?version=1&modificationDate=1546987580000&api=v2}$${/do… text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:36+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/mean_lifetime_of_the_muon_archived_1_7_2019?rev=1718138076&do=diff In this experiment, we will detect the arrival of short-lived, cosmic ray muons and measure the time difference between their arrival and subsequent decay. From the distribution of these time differences, we wish to deduce the mean lifetime of the muon and use this lifetime to determine the Fermi coupling constant, the fundamental constant characterizing the weak force.${/download/attachments/201097813/reaction.png?version=1&modificationDate=1546901098000&api=v2}$${/download/attachments/20109781… text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/neutron_studies_archived_09_2016?rev=1718138083&do=diff We will use a source of high energy neutrons in the lab to perform two studies on the interaction of neutrons with nuclei. First, we will observe the direct effects of the strong interaction force by creating deuterons which are a bound state of the proton and neutron. Second, we will will measure the neutron cross section for several materials. The electrical neutrality of neutrons provides a way to explore properties of nuclei which are masked by the Coulomb interactions of charged particles. … text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/optical_pumping_archived_1_4_2019?rev=1718138083&do=diff Atoms may occupy only discrete energy states, and if the atoms are in thermal equilibrium, the relative numbers of atoms occupying each state is given by the Boltzmann distribution. If we shine light of the appropriate energy and polarization on those atoms, some atoms will be excited to a higher energy state. If the atoms have no easy escape path from this excited state, then the population of atoms will no longer be Boltzmann distributed. Such an inverted population is described as ${/download… text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/parity_of_positronium_archived_4_25_16?rev=1718138083&do=diff The singlet state of positronium – the bound pair formed with one electron and one positron possessing oppositely directed spins – has odd parity, but is short-lived. When the two particles annihilate each other, conservation of energy, linear momentum, angular momentum and parity dictate that their their rest energy be converted into two back-to-back photons with orthogonal plane polarizations. Our setup uses a property of Compton scattering – that photons preferentially scatter in the directio… text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/positron_emission_tomography_archived_11_13_2018?rev=1718138083&do=diff --- --- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique which is commonly used to map out metabolic activity in the body. Typically, a β+-emitting (positron-emitting) radionuclide (such as 18F) attached to a glucose molecule is injected into the body where it is taken up by tissues in proportion to their metabolic activity. Positrons produced by the decay of the radionuclide usually travel less than 1 mm in human tissue before they bind with an electron, and quickly annihila… text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/pulsed_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_010720?rev=1718138083&do=diff {FIXME ${/download/attachments/232099464/Magnet.png?version=1&modificationDate=1578433893000&api=v2}$ In 1946 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in condensed matter was discovered simultaneously by Edward Purcell at Harvard and Felix Block at Stanford using different techniques. Both groups observed the response of magnetic nuclei, placed in a uniform magnetic field, to a continuous wave radio frequency (RF) magnetic field as the field was tuned through resonance. In 1950 Ervin Hahn, a young … text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:43+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/pulsed_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_archived_09_2016?rev=1718138083&do=diff In 1946 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in condensed matter was discovered simultaneously by Edward Purcell at Harvard and Felix Block at Stanford using different techniques. Both groups, however, observed the response of magnetic nuclei, placed in a uniform magnetic field, to a continuous wave (CW) radio frequency magnetic field as the field was tuned through resonance.${https://wiki.uchicago.edu/download/attachments/142050624/fig_1.png?version=1&modificationDate=1448385119000&api=v2}$${/downl… text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:44+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/pulsed_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_archived_1_8_2019?rev=1718138084&do=diff {FIXME ${/download/attachments/201098661/Magnet.png?version=1&modificationDate=1546979577000&api=v2}$ In 1946 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in condensed matter was discovered simultaneously by Edward Purcell at Harvard and Felix Block at Stanford using different techniques. Both groups observed the response of magnetic nuclei, placed in a uniform magnetic field, to a continuous wave radio frequency (RF) magnetic field as the field was tuned through resonance. In 1950 Ervin Hahn, a young … text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:44+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/pulsed_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_v_2019_01_25?rev=1718138084&do=diff {FIXME ${/download/attachments/203655931/Magnet.png?version=1&modificationDate=1548443009000&api=v2}$ In 1946 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in condensed matter was discovered simultaneously by Edward Purcell at Harvard and Felix Block at Stanford using different techniques. Both groups observed the response of magnetic nuclei, placed in a uniform magnetic field, to a continuous wave radio frequency (RF) magnetic field as the field was tuned through resonance. In 1950 Ervin Hahn, a young … text/html 2024-06-11T16:34:44+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/x_ray_studies_archived_09_19_2017?rev=1718138084&do=diff The energy separations between electron levels in atoms range typically from eV to keV meaning that the photons emitted or absorbed in transitions between these states range from infra-red to x-rays. The radiation emitted when electrons accelerate due to Coulomb interactions with heavy nuclei in solids can range from 0 eV up to the initial kinetic energy of the electron. The separation between atoms in crystalline solids is comparable to x-ray wavelengths. For all these reasons, x-ray photons ar… text/html 2021-08-04T19:27:56+00:00 Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) https://physlab-wiki.com/phylabs/lab_courses/phys-211-wiki-home/archive/manual-archives-phys-211/zeeman_effect_archived_1_14_2019?rev=1628119676&do=diff In 1896 Pieter Zeeman performed a series of experiments on the effects of external magnetic fields on the optical spectra of atoms. Zeeman's studies showed that atomic spectral lines split into multiple components when the atoms were excited in the presence of an external magnetic field. Furthermore, for field strengths less than a Tesla, the magnitude of the splitting was proportional to the strength of the field. The semi-classical theory of the atom at that time could predict only the splitti…